Thursday 9 January 2014

Know about job roles in the television and film industries

Michael Tabansi                                                                                                Ms Ahmadian

BTEC Level 3 Diploma Creative Media Production
Unit 8: Understanding the television and film industries
Assignment 2/LO2: Know about job roles in the television and film industries



























I have been asked to write a report on the different jobs roles that are associated with the film and TV industry. In this report, I shall explain the job roles and what responsibilities they have. The job roles in the TV and Film industry are separated into categories. These categories consist of Management, Creative, Editorial, Technical, Research, Financial and Administrative. These roles will all be explained as well as finding out what skills it requires.
In the TV and film industry, there are different working patterns where staff in the industry can work. One is a shift. ‘Shift work is an employment practice designed to make use of, or provide service across, all 24 hours of the clock each day of the week’(Wikipedia, 10/10/13). When working in the media industry, shift work is involved a lot. If you are working on a film set, you are very likely to be working at some peculiar hours. You could end up working all through the night or even all morning. In the television industry, all the broadcasting centres are reinforced at all times so this means there will be many shift workers working at different times of the day. An advantage of shift work is that there’s less working hours, meaning you can have longer breaks and periods of the day where you can rest. This is different from regular hours because you have a set time of hours to do and the work goes over to overtime. A disadvantage of shift work is that you are going to be living an irregular lifestyle, meaning they will get tired very easily. Another working pattern is fixed term. ‘A fixed-term employment contract is an employment contract by which an employer recruits an employee for a limited period of time’ (insee, 10/10/13). In the TV and film industry, the employee will have a start and finish date and the contract will be terminated as soon as the end date comes. An advantage of fixed term is that it allows the fixed-term employee to learn different skills and be committed to their job. Another advantage to this is that they could get paid more than the permanent staff because they may have special skills or because they are only there for a temporary job. A disadvantage to a fixed term contract is that someone of the employers might find the temporary workers will deprive in motivation because they are not there for a long time. Another working pattern is office hours. This is ‘the amount of time someone spends at work during a day’ (dictionary.cambridge, 10/10/13). The employee works for a fixed amount of time and this is usually between the hours of 9-5 which is common hours in any workplace. An advantage of office hours is that if you’ve got a normal 9-5 shift, after 5 you have a lot of time to do productive things because you are not finishing in the night or the early hours of the morning. It will also leave you enough time to get yourself prepared the day ahead. A disadvantage to office hours is that is fixed and the hours cannot be altered. Another working pattern is freelance. ‘A freelancer is a person who is self-employed and is not committed to a particular employer long term’ (Wikipedia, 10/10/13). Because they are not hired by anyone, they have their own set of hours in which they can decide for themselves how many hours they want to do. A freelancer can work for as many companies as they want but the important skill they need for this is to be organised so that they know what days they have to go to different companies. An example of freelance in the TV industry is the BBC. The freelancers in the BBC usually work behind the camera and is hired for different jobs or projects. Also, there is a contract that has to be agreed between the freelancer and the BBC. This contract ‘will include BBC Terms & Conditions - one copy to be signed and returned, one copy to be retained’ (bbc, 10/10/13). An advantage of a freelancer is that they can work whenever they want and choose their own hours. This means that they are able to work during any hours that they are not working at. A disadvantage of a freelancer is that you do not get paid when you are sick. This means that the days that the freelancer does not work, they will not get paid. Another working pattern is irregular patterns. This is when the worker works for different amount of hours on different days. For example, the personnel may come to a decision where they want to go overtime on different days so this means they do not have a set amount of hours they work for on each day. Another working pattern is piece work.  ‘When someone is hired to do piece work, he or she is paid on the basis of how much is produced, rather than being offered a flat hourly wage’(wisegeek, 23/10/13). Because they get paid on how much they produce, this means it will motivate then to do more work which is good for the business they are working for. Within this pattern, you are likely to work at home and you are free to start and finish work when you like. Another working pattern is hourly rates. This is when employees are paid for the amount of hours they do when they are working. This is beneficial because it will allow workers to put their all in when working as they only have a set amount of hours.

Management

 The first job role that I will be talking about first is the Management role. This is where people work together to make sure their goals is achieved. In the management roles, they have to have good communication with others as well as being able to work under pressure.
A role in the managerial department is the Producer. ‘Producers have overall control on every aspect of a film's production, bringing together and approving the selection of the whole production team. “Their primary responsibility is to foster an environment in which the creative talents of the cast and crew can flourish’ (creativeskillset, 17/10/13). Producers are highly involved in raising finance so that it can help to find crew for a production. They are also part of the development and pre-production stage because they have to make sure that the shoot runs smoothly. When it comes to being a producer, you have to make sure you have team-leading and organisational skills and with these skills, it allows them to make sure that all the projects are completed on time. When becoming a film or TV producer, your responsibility will be to secure funding, manage budgets, and hire and fire the crew and talent. Producers have to be organised because they have to make sure all targets are reached and all problems are handled as quickly as possible. Producers are also in charge of writing up a call sheet and keeping it safe. ‘A call sheet is chart issued to the cast and crew of a theatrical or film production, listing the production schedule’ (wisegeek, 17/10/13). As well as this, the call sheet also has all the contact details of the cast and crew members. Producers also produce a contingency plan which is a backup plan in-case things do not go well. They also produce a budget log sheet which tells them how much everything in the production is going to cost. These costs for the production also gets controlled and managed by the producer and the executive producer. The producer also works with the director and the post-production departments to edit which includes picture, sound, music and visual effects. An example of a producer is Steven Spielberg. Spielberg is a producer, film director and screenwriter. The films Schindler’s List (1993) and Saving Private Ryan (1998) won Spielberg the Academy Award for Best Director. He also managed to achieve box office records with three films which were; Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and Jurassic Park (1993). Steven Spielberg usually produces films that are about science fiction and have characters that find themselves in weird situations.
Another role in the managerial department is the Director. ‘Directors are responsible for creatively translating the film's written script into actual images and sounds on the screen’ (creativeskillset, 17/10/13). The director has the vision of the film and has the artistic vision of the story/script. Directors also have different jobs like casting, script editing, shot selection and editing. This means that the director must be very patient and must be able to multitask as they will have different jobs to do at different times. Directors also direct the actors and crew whilst the film is in production. In the post production department, the director works with editor so that the cinematography has been edited to a high standard. The director also has the job of the creating the storyboard which means he has to draw up of every bit of the film.  The director has management duties when it comes to pre-production because the director has to select the correct cast, crew and location for the film. This means the director has to be able to work under pressure because they are going to be doing a lot of selecting in order to make the film good. Directors also have to be motivators towards the cast and crew so that they can produce the best possible results. Directors also have management duties because they have to keep making decisions daily as well as communicating with others. They also have to be aware of the film’s budget and schedule. This is so that the budget does not go over the amount they have said and also all schedules are kept so that the rehearsing is kept to date.
Another role in the managerial department is the Casting Director. ‘A casting director is responsible for helping to gather a number of actor candidates for a given role in a film or television production’ (filmtvcareers, 20/10/13). The casting director meets with a huge amount of actors to find out whether the actor fits the character in the production. For this, the casting director will need a lot of patience because it will take a lot of time to find the right person for the role. The casting director also works with the Director and Producer to find suggest roles for the different actors as well as putting on interviews and auditions for the actors. They also with the Producers to see what actors get hired or fired. The casting directors must have good knowledge of the new actors because they are responsible for putting the actor to the correct role. Each actor that is picked by the casting director is based on their experience and ability. Because the casting director is in charge of hosting interviews and auditions, they also have to offer each actor a suitable fee to make an appearance in the film. Casting directors need to have good interpersonal and communication skills because it allows them to interact with a range of people such as the actors, staff and talent agents.
Another role in the managerial department is the First Assistant Director. ‘The First Assistant Director organises pre-production, and organises the crew, securing equipment, breaking down the script, preparing the strip board and a shooting schedule’(zenera, 20/10/13). The first assistant director is the director’s right hand man and takes responsibility for a lot of different things so that the director is left free to concentrate on being creative. They also work with the director to break down the script into a storyboard then find out what order the shoots go in and then find out how long each scene will take to film. The first assistant director also has to draw up the shooting schedule which consists of a timetable for the filming periods. The main job of the first assistant director is to assist the director, manage the production activity and supervise the cast and crew. When it comes to production, the first assistant director has to make sure everyone is ready for the director’s actions. They are also in charge of making sure they keep filming on schedule so they can make announcements to the cast and crew. They have to be responsible at all times because one of their main jobs is to make sure there are no risks on set and it isn’t a hazardous place to work. They have to be able to communicate with others because they deal with problems and situations so they have to speak to everyone to solve them. As well as working the directors, the first assistant director has to work with the assistant directors because they have to supervise them when controlling the discipline on set. They do this to make sure that the assistant directors know how to handle everything on set.
Another role in the managerial department is the Distributor. ‘A film distributor is a company or individual responsible for the marketing of a film’ (Wikipedia, 20/10/13). When the distributor has rights to a film, they then have a job to make sure that film gets out to the public. Distributors provide studios or producers with reports that covers the marketing and the revenues. They must also be able to know what kind of target audience the film has and also be aware of the box office figures. They are the people who distribute the film to the cinemas or even just put it straight to DVD so that customers can buy. Distributors work with different people such as the filmmakers, producers and film sales agents. This is to ensure that the film gets sold to the media, cinema operators and marketing partners. They also work with film publicists to see how to advertise films to make sure the audience numbers are maximised. Distributors must be able to analyse the different audience’s for different films and see how much figures the film made at the box office. This is to see if they can now do better than that film.
Creative
A role in the creative department is the Scriptwriter. A scriptwriter is someone who writes the script for a film or a television programme. They have a job to research the story they are writing so the story adds up and makes sense. Another job they have is to tell the story in a series of scenes as well as describing where and what happens in the different scenes. The scriptwriters have to produce creative writing and meet very strict deadlines so that things can run smoothly and the schedule does not run behind. They also have to work very close with the script development team so that the film that is made can make a lot of profit. To make their work realistic, they have to be able to use sound and dialogue in their writing so the audience will be able to have more in-depth information about the film. Scriptwriters will have to be able to work under pressure as there will be a lot of deadlines given. They are also likely to work for longer hours because things may need to change in the script and depending on what it is, it may take long. Scriptwriters work with the producers because whatever ideas they come up with, they run it back to the producer. They also work together because the producer might recruit the scriptwriter to improve narrative on a project.
Another role in the creative department is the Creative Director. ‘The Director is the driving creative force in a film's production, and acts as the crucial link between the production, technical and creative teams’ (creativeskillset, 21/10/13). The directors have to visualise the film and create the style and structure of the film. As well as telling the actors how they should act, they motivate and guide the creative department to help them achieve their goals. The creative director has a responsibility of organising the arts and props of the film. They also have a responsibility of managing the employees and establish new ideas. A main role of what a creative director does is to decide how to use the funds conveniently to ensure that there is quality in the films art department. An example of a director is James Cameron. He is known for directing the films; Terminator 2: Judgement Day (1991), Titanic (1997) and Avatar (2009). The film Titanic that he directed became the second film to gross more than $2 billion worldwide. The film Avatar that he directed broke many box office figures and grossed $2.74 billion worldwide. For the film Titanic, Cameron won Best Director and Best Film Editing.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
Another role in the creative department is the Actors/Actresses. Actors/Actresses are the storytellers in a film or a television show. Actors/Actresses have to be able to put their all in when rehearsing and be able to memorise their lines clearly. Actors/Actresses have to be able to play different characters but this depends on the script that has been written for them. Sometimes they will have a big role to play whilst sometimes they may only have a few lines. When performing, the actors/actresses work with the director rehearsing the script. They also work with the director to create believable characters that the scriptwriter has written. Because these actors/actresses are working in the film and TV industry, they have to rehearse nearly every day because they have a set date when films or shows gets released. Actors/Actresses get selected by the Producer, Director, Casting Director and sometimes the scriptwriter may be asked to pick them. They have to be able to handle the pressure as they have to be able to learn their lines in a short period as well as having to re-take different scenes. The actor/actress works with the directing team so that the directing team can give them feedback and to see if anything is good or needs improving. They also work with the directing team so that the actor/actress can give the team ideas on how to make their performance creative. The actors/actress works with the make-up artist so that the make-up artist can put their make up on for the scenes that they need to be in. The make-up artist will also improve on their make-up sometimes during the shooting.
Another role in the creative department is the Art Director/Set Designer. ‘They facilitate the Production Designer's creative vision for all the locations and sets that eventually give the film its unique visual identity’ (creativeskillset, 21/10/13). The art director keeps in contact with the accountants and the producers so that everything that gets used on set is within the budget they have given. Because the Art Directors work on a freelance basis, their hours tend to be long and the job can involve very long periods. Art Directors have to analyse the script so that they know what props or items will need to be used for long periods. When it comes to pre-production, the art director is responsible for the special effects. An example of special effects that the art director could be responsible for is when two cars crash. Towards the end of the shooting, the art director works closely with the location manager to talk about when the locations being used can be prepared and dressed. When the shooting is finally done, they make sure that all the locations they have used have been cleared and all the art department bills have been paid for. Some of their key skills are;
‘A good eye for decoration and detail; this means that they have to be able to do their decorations to precision and do it in detail. It means that everything has to look perfect.


Ability to think visually; this means that whatever they do, they have to use their eyes to look for the vision to make it good. Everything they do has to be seen with their eyes and not their mind.


Ability to lead a team; this means they have to be able to manage a team to achieve their goal. They have to be able to communicate with others and listen to their ideas as well as giving them out.


Knowledge of the requirements of the relevant Health and Safety legislation and procedures’ (creativeskillset, 21/10/13)
Another role in the creative department is the Make-Up Designer/A. The make-up artists are the people who create a look for the characters in the film or the television show. They are usually on a freelance basis so this means they are used during pre-production and production. The make-up artists updated by the chief make-up artists who are responsible for the overall design of the make-up as well as working out the make-up styles for each character. The chief make-up artist provides the make-up artist with notes, character and scene breakdowns but sometimes, they may have to research their own notes. The make-up artist also has to carry out risk assessments so that there aren’t any health and safety issues. The make-up artists also ensure that the actor/actress is comfortable with their looks and note down what allergies they have so that they do not use the wrong product on their face. The make-up artists usually stand by the actors/actress so that they can fix up their make up during the shooting. When all the scenes have been shot, the artist removes the entire make-up and other products. This is so that they are cleaned and ready to be used for the next time needing it. They have to be able to cope with stress and pressure because putting on the make-up could take a long time to do, depending on what character the personnel is playing. They need to be able to be technical and artistic to make the character look realistic. The make-up artist works closely with the actors to support them throughout the shooting. Throughout the pre-production stages, the make-up designer works with the director. This is because they both read through the script to discuss their ideas for the film. They also write down notes for each character about what look they should have on when it comes to different scenes. They also work with the director to make sure that the design is suitable for the characters.
Another role in the creative department is the Costume. ‘The Costume Department is responsible for the design, fitting, hire, purchase, manufacture, continuity and care of all costume items on feature films’(creativeskillset, 21/10/13). The costume designer starts to work on the costumes they make for the actors/actress at the beginning of pre-production. They are in charge of hiring all the costumers to the people acting and even the extras. This means they will need to be responsible because it is their job to get everyone ready for the shooting. The costume designer works with the Production Designer because they both have to make sure the costumes fit with their vision. When it comes to pre-production, the costume designer breaks the scene down so they can find out how many characters are involved and what type of costumes are needed. The costume designer also works with the hair and make-up team to make sure the costumes given complement the characters and matches the character in the film. Some of the skills that a costume designer needs are;
‘Creativity, imagination and excellent design skills; they need to be creative and imaginative because the costume designs cannot be plain. They have to be something that will stand out and match the character in the film
Good communication and organisation skills; they need to be able to communicate with others to get the costumes made on time for the rehearsals. They also need to be organised because they need to be able to keep the costumes in one place so they do not get lost.
Good stamina and the ability to work under pressure to strict deadlines’ (creativeskillset, 21/10/13)
Another role in the creative department is the Lighting Director. The lighting director ‘ works with the directorchoreographerset designercostume designer, and sound designer to create the lighting, atmosphere, and time of day for the production in response to the text, while keeping in mind issues of visibility, safety, and cost’(Wikipedia, 21/10/13). One of their jobs is to work with the director so that the lighting team and the director can deliver the pictures they would like to see. The lighting director also has to read the script that is produced. This is because they have to note down the type of light it needs for each of the scenes. The lighting directors also go to the rehearsals because it will help them get a feel for the lighting cues and it will plan how to use the lights when the actors are moving across the stage. Lighting directors need to have knowledge about how light equipment works and they need to have mental stamina as they will up and down the stage putting different types of lights on different actors. They also need to have knowledge of the health and safety procedures because lights all come under electricity and something could go wrong with the wires or the lights so they will need knowledge on it just in-case. The lighting director works with the cinematographer to ensure that the light falls perfectly on the actor/actress’s face to create drama and excitement in the play.
Editorial
A role in the editorial department is the Editor. ‘An editor is someone who assigns, distributes, checks, corrects and perfects written materials, articles and pieces.’(freelancewrite, 22/10/13). For example, say if on a Monday there was the shooting for a film or television show, on Tuesday, the editor will work in his suite and develop on the shooting that occurred the day before. The main job for the editor is to select the best shots and then edit them together to create scenes. Most of the editing is done of the computer so the editor has to be able to use the editing software on it as well as having knowledge of it. The editor only works in the post-production department only and this is where the editor cuts the film and puts it into sequential order to outline the story. The storyboard that is created by the director can be used the editor as a guide for editing the shots. The editor has to work under immense pressure because they will have a deadline for when they need all the footage edited. The editor also sits with the director and the director tells the editor how the footage should look. The editor also has to be able to have knowledge of using the technical equipment on the computer because it will allow the editor to edit shots faster so that they can meet their deadline. They also have to be able to solve problems to make the film sequences work well. An example of an editor is Michael Kahn. Kahn has managed to win the most nominated editor 8 times and has the most wins for the best film editor. He has edited the 3 film that Steven Spielberg directed. These films were; Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), Schneider’s List (1993) and Saving Pirate Ryan (1998). For all these films, Kahn won Oscars for. Another role in the editorial department is the Assistant Editor.  The assistant editor gets put forward to the producers by the editors. From there, they have to be the first to come every morning and set up the editing room for the day. They take charge of the running of the editing room which allows the editor to work on the editing of the film. During the shooting, the assistant director has to check the camera sheets and note down any technical problems that might occur. Most films are usually edited on the computer so the assistant editor needs to be able to use the computer editing equipment.
Another role in the editorial department is the Title Designer. The job of a title designer is to design the opening title for the film/television programme. They also design the captions in the film and the list of cast and crew at the end who appeared in the production. The title designer works with the Director and Editor to talk about the ideas on how to make the opening title stand out. Before they create the title, they usually sketch out the ideas on paper then move it onto a computer using different types of software. The title designer needs to have good artistic vision as the opening title needs to be stood out so the audience can have positive mind-set about the film.
Another role in the editorial department is the Foley Artist. ‘Foley is the reproduction of everyday sound effects which are added in post-production to enhance the quality of audio for films’ (google, 22/10/13). They are responsible for the sound effects on a production’s sound-track that later on get added during the sound editing process. The Foley Artist attends a meeting called a “Spotting Session” which includes the Supervising Sound Editor and sometimes the Director. In the spotting session, the Director basically tells the rest what they want to achieve and what the different scenes should sound like. The Foley artist also makes and records the sounds in their own special studio and depending on the budget of the film; it can take up to 5 weeks. The foley artist has to be able to meet strict deadlines as they have to give in what songs are going to be used in different scenes. They also have to be able to communicate as they will be in different meetings with different members to ensure that the songs used are suited for each scene.
Another role in the editorial department is the Post-Production Supervisor.  ‘The Post Production Supervisor pulls together the many visual and audio facets to complete the film that the audience sees on the cinema screen’ (craftandtech, 22/10/13). The post-production supervisor is an important role because they have to make sure that the post-production budget is achievable and all the deadlines are met and not overdue. Sometimes the post-production supervisor may have to be involved in more than one film at a time so the work can become stressful. Post-Production supervisors are employed on a freelance basis by the Producer and they usually work alone but can employ an assistant if the production is large. Most of the time, the post-production supervisor works with the editor and producer discussing what post-production personnel’s should be hired. They must have skills in managing budgets and have to be able to work under pressure because they have to meet deadlines. The post production supervisor works with the producer to find out how the budget will have an impact when it comes to the post production stages. .
Technical
A role in the technical department is the Camera Operator. ‘Camera operators physically control camera equipment both in studio and on location for film and television’ (targetjobs, 22/10/13). The camera operator supports the director and the photographer by following their instructions. These instructions are how the shots should be composed and then developed. Once the shots have been rehearsed, it is now up to the camera operator and the director of photography to decide where the camera needs to be positioned and what equipment needs to be used. When the shooting is being done, the camera operator is responsible for the camera operation because it allows the director of photography to work on the lighting and visuals. Camera operators have to be able to multi-task because they are going to be on their feet doing different tasks as well as using their hands to handle different types of equipment. Some of their key Skills include:
  • ‘a good sense of visual composition, perspective and movement; they will need this because they have to make sure that the shots are well taken and they are taken with precision
  • physical co-ordination and strength; they will need this because they are going to be carrying different things so they are going to need to be strong in controlling the equipment.
  • precise attention to detail’(creativeskillset, 22/10/13)

Another role in the technical department is the Music Editor. ‘The music editor working on a film or television music project is in charge of tracking and managing the different pieces of music used in the production’. (filmmusicmag, 22/10/13). The music editor helps and works with the director to decide what songs are suitable for the different scenes. The music director has to pick the music very carefully so that the music goes with the action going on in the show or the film. When it comes to a film that is based on music, the music editor is responsible for how the music is portrayed into different scenes. Music editors also meet up with the director, picture editor, music supervisor, producer and composer. This is done because they all write down notes when all the music needs to be cued. Music editors make something called a click track which is then used to make sure the musicians have the correct tempo and the timing of the music matches the scene. The music editor must lay down all the music tracks and fit them exactly to the picture. The last job a music editor has to do is prepare a cue sheet which is a sheet with all the featured music. The music editors need to have knowledge on how music can be recorded and then performed. They must understand how music can create drama and how it can affect images.
Another role in the technical department is the Sound Mixer. ‘A production sound mixer is the member of a film crew or television crew responsible for recording all sound recording on set during the filmmaking or television production using professional audio equipment’(Wikipedia, 22/10/13). The sound mixers have to meet with the costume department and visual effect supervisors to talk about where the microphones should be placed on or around the actors. They also have to visit all locations to make sure that there aren’t any sound problems. They also work with the boom operator to make sure that all microphones are put in the correct places so that there is good sound quality. After each take, the sound mixer has to check the quality of the sound recording. If the sound recording does not sound right, then there will be another take. Once a day of shooting has been done, the sound mixer sends the sound recording files to post production and then on to the camera assistant. A sound mixer has to be able to be patient has they will be up and down the place trying to find different microphones for different actors/actress. They will also need to have a good understanding of sound recording and editing equipment.
Another role in the technical department is the Boom Operator. ‘A boom operator is a member of the sound team responsible for capturing live sound during on movie or television sets’ (wisegeek, 22/10/13). A boom operator can get tired really easy as they have to hold the microphone for long periods of the day so they have to be really patience. There are different types of microphones and if in a production, a radio or clip microphone is used, the boom operator has to position them correctly around the set, at the location or on the actors/actresses clothing. Boom operators also have to make sure the sound equipment is good and working. Boom operators are also given small booklets which contain pages from the script that are to be shot each day. They are given this so that the can memorise all the lines and then know when the move the boom whilst the filming is taking place. In the morning rehearsals, the boom operator meets up with the director, the director of photography and the actors so that they can note down the camera movements and the lighting movements. This is done so that the microphone will not fall. Boom operators need to have knowledge and understanding of sound recording equipment and microphones. The boom operators work with the camera crew because they see what lights need to be used and what angles of the camera should be used. They also work with the production sound mixer so that the microphone can be operated and used in the correct position. Boom operators go for location recces to see what position the microphone needs to be so they can get a good angle of where people can speak.
Another role in technical department is the Moving Light Operator. This job is when the moving light operator controls the lights that are chosen by the director of photography. The moving light operator has to set up the moving lights and programme the cues. Because this will take long, the moving light operator has to be patient as they are likely to work at night so it is ready for the morning. The moving light operator has to make sure the lights are working well because lights are usually sensitive. This job requires you to be able to work as a team to get things running quicker. Moving light operators have to be patient because they have to set up lights which could take a lot of their time. They also need to be creative because they will need to move the lights into a position where the lights are positioned in a good angle. Moving light operators work with the director of photography which is known as a cinematographer. This is because the director of photography is the chief over the camera and lights so they have to listen to their instructions.
Another role in the technical department is the Script Supervisor. A script supervisor’s main job is to find out if it is possible for each scene to be edited in a verbal and visual sequence. In the pre-production stages, the script supervisor has to check the scripts to see if there are any errors. They also file reports and photos of the shooting from the day before and then plan the paperwork for the post production. Whilst filming, the script supervisor has to check the script to see if any dialogue has gone unnoticed and also to see if the actors are cued at the right times. It is necessary that sometimes the script supervisor help the sound mixers to note down any voice-overs. They also sometimes re-write the script to make dialogue changes for the post production. The directors rely on the script supervisor most of time so that each scene is shot accurately and creatively.  Script supervisors have to have stamina and be dedicated to the job because the filming can get intensive and the days where the shooting happens can become very long. They have to be able to be precise in their work as they will be jotting down different notes about the script. They also have to be able to communicate as they will be explaining any errors they see to the Directors and production office.


Financial

A role in the financial department is the Financial Controller. ‘The financial controller is responsible for the business accounting activities. They plan the finance, prepares financial statements, budget for the organization’ (uk.ask, 23/10/13).One of the main jobs for a financial controller is to control the cash flow so that all payments are paid on time. If there is an individual production, the financial controller will help the producer and the executive producer to prepare the budgets and raise the finance. Financial controllers have to have good problem solving skills as they will be dealing with money. They also need to have a good knowledge of IT because they will be dealing with accountancy and budgeting. Financial controllers work with the producers and the executive producers to make sure the original budgets have been prepared. They also sometimes work with the film production accountant to make sure all the payments have been paid at the right time.

Organisational
A role in the organisational department is the Transport Co-ordinator. ‘The person responsible for managing drivers and co-ordinating the transportation of a production's castcrew, and equipment from the various locations and sets used for filming’(imdb, 23/10/13). Transport co-ordinators are usually hired the producers to be in charge of the transport schedule. Transport co-ordinators get hired by they also hire. They hire someone called a “Transport Captain” and their job is to take charge of the transport schedule of the cast and crew during filming. Before the shooting gets done, the transport co-ordinator gets a copy of the script and has to study it. The transport co-ordinator has to meet up with the producer and director and they will talk about where each scene will take place. When the shooting is done, the transport co-ordinator and their crew pack up the equipment and put it in their truck and take it back to the studio. The transport co-ordinator works with the transport managers to make sure Lorries have arrived on time to move props, sets and equipment.

Administrative
A role in the administrative department is the Production Accountant. ‘A Production Accountant in the film and television industry prepares budgets for a production by breaking down the script to assess the needs of the production and determining the costs involved’ (careerdirections, 23/10/13). The production accountant works with the producer so that they can prepare schedules and budgets for the film productions. They have a responsibility to calculate finances and costing productions so that the payments are made on time. Their job is to work with the financiers to make sure all payments are made on time. This is an important role because if payments are not made on time, more money will be added on which means less money will be used on things such as props and equipment.

Bibliography
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_work (Accessed 10/10/13)
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer (Accessed 10/10/13)
Zenera: http://www.zenera.com/film_ad.html (Accessed 20/10/13)
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distributor (Accessed 20/10/13)
Creativeskillset: http://www.creativeskillset.org/film/jobs/costume/ (Accessed 21/10/13)
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_designer (Accessed 21/10/13)
Filmmusicmag: http://www.filmmusicmag.com/kb/questions/19/ (Accessed 22/10/13)
Imdb: http://www.imdb.com/glossary/T (Accessed 23/10/13)
Careerdirections: http://www.careerdirections.ie/ShowJobFull.aspx?job_id=283 (Accessed 23/10/13)
Wisegeek: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-piece-work.htm (Accessed

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